What is Parvovirus in Dogs?
Canine parvovirus, commonly known as parvo, is an extremely contagious and life-threatening virus that primarily affects puppies and unvaccinated dogs. The virus targets rapidly dividing cells, which makes the gastrointestinal tract and immune system particularly vulnerable. Without prompt medical intervention, parvovirus can lead to severe dehydration, immune suppression, and even death.
Why is Parvovirus So Contagious?
Parvovirus is highly resistant to most cleaning agents and can survive in the environment for months to years. Dogs can contract the virus through:
- Direct contact with infected dogs.
- Environmental contamination, including soil, water bowls, and dog parks.
- Human transmission, where the virus is carried on shoes, clothing, or hands.
How Does Parvovirus Affect Dogs?
Parvovirus primarily attacks the digestive system and immune system, leading to extreme vomiting, diarrhea, and a compromised ability to fight off infections. In severe cases, it can even affect the heart, leading to fatal complications.
Effects on the Gastrointestinal System
- The virus damages the lining of the small intestine, causing inflammation and loss of the protective barrier.
- Leads to severe vomiting and bloody diarrhea, resulting in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
- The breakdown of the intestinal barrier allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of sepsis.
Severe Cases: Cardiac and Systemic Effects
- In some cases, parvovirus affects the heart muscle, leading to myocarditis (heart inflammation), which is often fatal in puppies.
- Due to immune suppression, dogs with parvovirus are at high risk of secondary bacterial infections.
How is Parvovirus Transmitted to Dogs?
Parvovirus spreads incredibly easily, and its ability to survive in the environment makes it difficult to eradicate.
Transmission Through the Environment
- The virus is shed in the feces of infected dogs and can contaminate soil, kennels, food bowls, and water sources.
- It can be carried on human hands, shoes, and clothing, leading to indirect transmission.
- Parvovirus can survive for months in outdoor environments and is resistant to most household disinfectants.
Risk Factors for Contracting Parvovirus
- Unvaccinated puppies and dogs are at the highest risk.
- Dogs who frequent dog parks, kennels, or shelters are more likely to be exposed.
- Poor hygiene and lack of proper disinfection increase transmission risk.
How to Reduce the Risk:
- Use a diluted bleach solution (1 part bleach to 30 parts water) to disinfect contaminated areas.
- Wash hands and change clothing after handling sick dogs.
- Avoid dog parks or public areas with unvaccinated puppies.
Symptoms of Parvovirus Infection?
Symptoms of parvovirus typically appear within 3-7 days of exposure. If you notice any of these signs, seek immediate veterinary care.
Early Signs of Parvovirus
- Lethargy and weakness
- Loss of appetite
- Mild fever
- Abdominal discomfort
Advanced Symptoms Requiring Immediate Care
- Severe vomiting
- Bloody diarrhea
- Rapid dehydration
- Collapse and extreme lethargy
- Fever or abnormally low body temperature
Preventing Parvovirus in Dogs
Vaccination is the best protection against parvovirus. Ensuring your dog receives their full vaccine course and boosters is essential.
Importance of Vaccination and Boosters
- Puppies require a series of vaccinations starting at 6-8 weeks of age.
- A booster shot is given every 3-4 weeks until the puppy is at least 16 weeks old.
- Adult dogs need yearly boosters to maintain immunity.
Preventative Practices for Dog Owners
- Do not take your puppy to public areas (dog parks, pet stores) until two weeks after their full vaccination series.
- Disinfect your home and outdoor areas if you’ve had a dog with parvovirus.
- Keep your dog’s food and water bowls, bedding, and toys clean.
What You Can Do to Help
- Pick up after your dog when out for walks and around the yard.
- Keep your dog’s bedding and food/water dishes clean.
- Vaccinate your pet on time.
- Keep puppies home until they are fully vaccinated.
Treating Parvovirus
Parvovirus is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalisation and intensive care. The sooner treatment begins, the higher the chance of survival.
Diagnostic Testing for Parvovirus
- A fecal antigen test can quickly confirm a parvovirus infection.
- Blood tests assess white blood cell count, which is often dangerously low in infected dogs.
- In-house diagnostics at The Village Vet allow for fast, accurate testing.
Hospitalisation and Treatment Methods
- Intravenous (IV) fluids to prevent severe dehydration.
- Electrolyte therapy to balance blood chemistry.
- Anti-nausea and pain relief medications to control symptoms.
- Antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections.
- Strict isolation to prevent spreading the virus to other dogs.
What is the Survival Rate?
- With early and aggressive treatment, survival rates can reach 85-90%.
- Delayed treatment drastically reduces survival chances, making immediate veterinary care essential.
Need Help?
If you suspect your dog is showing any of these symptoms, bring them in to see us immediately. The Village Vet has in-house pathology diagnostics equipment and can make quick and accurate diagnosis.
📞 Call us today:
- Pymble Clinic: 9499 4010
- Killara Clinic: 8350 5678
Sources:
- Dr Anabel Thomas BSc BVMS, Senior Veterinarian and Owner. The Village Vet
- American Veterinary Medical Association: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/canine-parvovirus
- Australian Veterinary Association: https://www.ava.com.au
- Australian Dog Lover: https://www.australiandoglover.com/2015/11/why-should-you-vaccinate-your-dog.html
